By Maurice Stewart
The challenge of removal water that's emulsified with produced oil has grown extra frequent and sometimes occasions tougher as manufacturers try and entry tougher reserves. This useful consultant is designed to aid engineers and operators improve a "feel" for choice, sizing, and troubleshooting emulsion apparatus. those abilities are of important value to make sure low working charges and to fulfill crude export caliber requisites. The publication is written for engineers and operators, who desire complex wisdom of the varied strategies and the apparatus used to destabilize and unravel petroleum emulsions problems.
In Emulsions and Oil Treating apparatus: choice, Sizing and Troubleshooting the writer presents engineers and operators with a advisor to knowing emulsion thought, tools and kit, and sensible layout of a treating approach. complete in its scope, the writer explains equipment comparable to: demulsifiers, temperature, electrostatics and non-traditional tools of modulated or pulsed voltage regulate, in addition to gear reminiscent of: electrostatic treater (dehydrator), separator, gunbarr heater-treater and unfastened water knockout. Written in a "how to" layout, it brings jointly hundreds of thousands of equipment, convenient formulation, diagrams and tables in a single handy ebook.
- Detailed assurance emulsion gear and elimination methods
- Tips for choosing, sizing, and working emulsion equipment
- Overview of emulsion idea and components affecting therapy methods
- Packed with gear diagrams, labored out calculations covers gear and removing methods
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Additional resources for Emulsions and Oil Treating Equipment Selection Sizing and Troubleshooting
Example text
L The emulsifiers may be polar molecules, which align themselves in such a manner as to cause an electrical charge on the surface of the droplets. Since like electrical charges repel, two droplets must collide with sufficient force to overcome this repulsion before coalescence can occur. Naturally occurring surface-active materials normally found in crude oil serve as emulsifiers. Paraffins, resins, organic acids, metallic salts, colloidal silts and clay, and asphaltenes (a general term for material with chemical compositions containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen) are common emulsifiers in oil fields.
2 Emulsions An emulsion is a stable mixture of oil and water that does not separate by gravity alone. In the case of a crude oil or regular emulsion, it is a dispersion of water droplets in oil. Oil is the continuous phase and water is the dispersed phase. Normal, or regular, oil-field emulsions consist of an oil continuous or external phase and a water dispersed or internal phase. In some cases, where there are high water cuts, such as when a water-drive field has almost “watered out,” it is possible to form reverse emulsions with water as the continuous phase and oil droplets as the internal phase.
As the oil viscosity increases, it is also more difficult to shear the oil droplets that coalesce in the piping leading to the vessel and in the water-wash section of the vessel. The net effect is that increasing the oil viscosity increases the size of the minimum water droplet that must be removed. By far the best situation is to have oil viscosity versus temperature data for a particular oil to be treated. Alternately, data from other wells in the same field can usually be used without significant error.