By K. Grodzińska, B. Adamczyk, A. Ćwikowa (auth.), Prof. Dr. Władysław Grodziński, Dr. January Weiner, Prof. Dr. Paul F. Maycock (eds.)
A variety of recognized forests were the article of experiences by way of ecological groups. each ecologist is aware the names of forests reminiscent of Whytham Woods in England (Elton 1966), Solling in West Germany (Ellenberg 1971), Hubbard Brook in New Hampshire, U. S. A. (Likens et al. 1977, Bormann and Likens 1979), and ladra6s in primary Sweden (Persson 1980). The variety of such staff experiences grew swiftly in the course of the interval of the overseas organic Programme (Reichle 1981). every one of those forests represented elements oflocal and normal curiosity. The Niepolomice wooded area in Southern Poland (Fig. 1) doesn't own any mind-blowing positive aspects and it can be considered as a customary woodland of the lowlands of continental Europe. located within the Vistula River Valley, 20 km east of Cracow (50°07' N, 20°23' E) it involves significant sections: an in depth pine woodland of the Pino-Quercetum kind, and a smaller, deciduous, oak-hornbeam- Fig. 1. the positioning of the Niepolomice woodland in Southern Poland VI Preface Tilio Carpinetum wooded area. this massive forested zone (11,000 ha) owes its survival in a single of the main densely populated elements of Europe to a protracted interval of defense as a royal searching floor. The interval of royal safeguard ended by surprise on the flip of twentieth century lower than the devastating blows of 2 global wars by means of might be an excellent better hazard, the consequences of recent advancements in heavy industry.
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Additional info for Forest Ecosystems in Industrial Regions: Studies on the Cycling of Energy Nutrients and Pollutants in the Niepołomice Forest Southern Poland
Example text
Drainage was first undertaken after the disastrous inundation of 1813. However, these early drainage installations were soon abandoned. In the middle of the 19th century, the channel of the Drwinka was dredged and a network of drainage ditches leading to the Vistula and the Raba was excavated in both sections of the forest. At the same time, stagnant water was drained from meadow depressions, and oxbows located in the northern sections. A system of high dikes was developed along the Vistula to prevent flood waters from moving far into the forest, and flooded areas were planted to willows.
In their opinion the Grobla section was the best preserved, where the tree stands included mainly oak, alder, willow, and lime, and scattered pine. At the beginning of the 19th century, the forest was divided into parcels and exploited only as clear-cuts, open stands and partial cutting having been dispensed with. The cutovers were planted with pines but the plantations were heavily grazed. Nevertheless, an inspection report of 1858 provides evidence that there were at that time only 326 ha of partial-cut and open stands and swamp of 1,250 ha previously forested.
2% of that of the spring. Permanent snow cover is maintained for 62 days per annum on the average. Precipitation is lower in fields than in the forest, as a rule (Geiger 1961, Tomanek 1963). 7. 0 1977 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 9 7 6 13 16 13 5 18 10 5 5 11 12 11 2 12 8 May-Dec. 6 88 66 Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 4 7 8 13 13 20 13 14 14 21 13 4 18 May-Dec. 7 mm, respectively. 8), the latter two stations being located in open areas within the forest.