By V. Obruchev
This well known publication, designed for younger readers who're accustomed to the rudiments of physics and chemistry, is a translation of a Soviet textbook by way of Academician V. Obruchev. "The individual unversed in geology is sort of a blind guy. He can't distinguish among a number of rocks. the various shades of rock inform him not anything. He can't know the way gullies have been shaped. He sees layers of rock in a few gully and wonders why they're surprisingly twisted in a single position, whereas somewhere else they stand upright. This individual may possibly respect a picturesque cliff, an austere canyon or waterfall, yet those attractions evoke yet superficial impressions. He can in basic terms enjoy nature's outward kinds, yet no longer the substance of the phenomena, he'll see yet now not understand. Geology teaches us to appreciate nature and find out how it developed."
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Extra info for Fundamentals of Geology
Sample text
Island divides the falls into two sections: the Canadian, or Horseshoe Falls, with a frontage of 792 metres and the American Falls (frontage 427 metres). Lower down, the river has cut a narrow gorge ten kiloplunge a metres long. The erosive force of water falling from a height is very great, and this is why we often see deep pits and whirlpools in the falls' "plunge pool" floor which undermine the ledge from which the water drops, causing the overhanging rock to collapse, and forcing the waterfall to retreat slowly upstream.
Sometimes these ruts reach half a yard and more in depth. They have been made by the water streaming down the surface of the layers and gradually dissolving the limestone. These weird forms of erosion, called swallow holes, sometimes create entire stretches which, when the ruts and crests are very pronounced, are extremely difficult or simply impossible to traverse (Fig. 55). These swallow holes tell us that water flowing underground through fissures of limestone, and especially through gypsum or rock salt, can corrode rocks and evolve caverns.
Arrow wind direction along shows MM M wave crest; OO water's edge approach shore from an angle, then the pebbles the beach in zigzag fashion, as shown in Fig. 35. , move along MM A for convenience's sake. sweeps it up at slanting wave A and carries it to point B. When the water recedes, the pebble does not return to point A, but together with the water point down the beach's steepest incline to point C. , from point A to line BC, from point C to line ED, etc. This movement, naturally, is often interrupted and for long.