By Pamela Cox
The 1st significant research of the background of British "bad girls", this booklet makes use of quite a lot of specialist, renowned, and private texts to discover the reviews of ladies within the twentieth century juvenile justice method. It examines the procedures resulting in their definition as variously antisocial, faulty or ignored and analyzes the several probabilities for private and non-private reform made on hand to them. It exhibits how "bad girls", notwithstanding few in quantity, posed a habitual problem to confirmed generational and gender orders, and questions the preferred modern trust that "rising" delinquency between ladies has been the made from late-20th century social alterations.
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Additional resources for Gender, Justice and Welfare: Bad Girls in Britain, 1900-1950
Sample text
From the turn of the century to the late 1930s, numerous campaigners worked against the international sex trade (known in the early days as ‘the white slave trade’) much of which involved adolescent girls. The matter was investigated by, among others, international Penitentiary Congresses, Ladies’ Associations for the Care of Friendless Girls, the League of Nations and the International Bureau for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and Children. 63 Much of this activity aimed to secure the welfare, or prevent the arrival, of migrant girls mainly from eastern and southern Europe (and is discussed further in chapter 3).
Given that girls seem to have been more readily identified as being ‘at risk’ in such family circumstances, they are likely to have made up a high proportion of these hidden cases, although more work is needed on the treatment of boys in this respect. Certainly, many girls were admitted to industrial schools as voluntary cases. To give just two examples, in 1908, 19 of the 33 girls resident in St Mary’s industrial school in Cold Ash had been admitted voluntarily rather than committed by the courts.
The case of Mary Bell, one of the twentieth century’s most infamous violent girls, exemplifies this. In 1968, at the age of 11, she faced trial, with her 13-year-old friend Norma, for the manslaughter of fouryear-old Martin Brown and three-year-old Brian Howe. Prior to being detained and prior to the second killing, the two girls had made many attempts to link themselves to the death of Martin Brown, but these were not taken seriously. Within two days of Martin’s death, Mary Bell had drawn a picture at school of the scene where his body was found, which included details that had not been made public and therefore might have been used to link her to the incident.