By David W. Eaton, Bernd Milkereit, Matthew H. Salisbury
Seismic equipment have first-class intensity penetration and resolving strength for deep exploration in hardrock terranes. via built-in case histories and introductory chapters at the easy rules of seismic acquisition, processing, modeling, and interpretation concepts, this booklet moves a superb stability among instructional, overview, program, and destiny examine instructions, emphasizing the growing to be significance of seismic exploration tools within the hardrock surroundings ('old' suggestions utilized to 'new' target.). Researchers drawn to high-resolution functions of crustal seismology, geophysicists concerned with mineral exploration and improvement, geotechnical engineers, and seismic processors will locate this ebook a useful relief within the demanding situations of seismic exploration of hardrock terranes.
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Extra resources for Hardrock Seismic Exploration
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1994). The mostlabor-intensive partof processingfull waveform data is repicking the P-wave arrival times. 50. - i _ _-- Fig. 18. Sonic compressional-wave velocity determinationat three stagesof editing. Visual displaylog (VDL) at far right showsfull waveforms. This algorithmpickstheP-wavearrivalat each receiver when the signal crossesa preset threshold. Noise at the beginningof the waveform,causedby the probe bumping along the boreholewall, often causes false triggering,resultingin spikeson the velocity log.
Hiramatsuand Oka, 1962; Peskaand Zoback, 1995). The stressconcentrationscan be quite complexif the wellboreis not alignedwith a principal stressin the earth. Forthisconfiguration, the magnitudeof the circumferential"hoop"stressrr00(r,0) varieswith azimuthrelativeto directionof thepredominantcompressive stressS•; thecompression isamplified and diminishedat pointsperpendicular(0 = 90ø, 270ø) andparallel(0 = 0ø, 180ø)to thisazimuth,respectively. This stressconcentration is describedby (Kirsch, 1898): 2b2 (10) *00(r, 0)- (S•+ Sh) --(S•- Sh)-•-cos(20), where S• and Sh are the greatestand least compressive stresses, respectively,r is the radial distancefrom the wellbore axis, and b is the wellbore radius.
Canada, Paper 85-27. Killeen, P. , 1996, Boreholegeophysicsin mineral exploration:Geol. , Open File 3247. , 1898, Die theorie der elastizitiit un die Bediirfnisse der Feitigkeitslehre: Zeit. desVereinesDeutscherIngenieure,42, 797-807. Kranz,R. , 1983,Microcracksin rocks:A review:Tectonophysics, 100, 449-480. , 1995, Modern globalseismology: Academic Press Inc. , 1987, Crack geometryin igneousrocks:A maximum entropyinversionof elasticandtransportproperties:J. Geophys. , 92, 8169-8181. , 1999, Weak elasticscatteringfrom massivesulfideore bodies:Geophysics,64, 1-11.