By Martin Folly
The ancient Dictionary of U.S. international relations from international conflict I via international battle II relates the occasions of this important interval in U.S. historical past via a chronology, an introductory essay, over six hundred cross-referenced dictionary entries on key individuals, locations, occasions, associations, and companies.
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Extra info for Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II (Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Realtions)
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However, Wilson’s strategy of regarding the 1920 presidential election as a “solemn referendum” on League membership catastrophically backfired. The Republican platform was deliberately vague on the subject, and the League was not the major issue of the election, which was predominantly fought on issues of domestic politics. After the event, however, the election was generally depicted as the rejection of the League by American voters. Those who had previously been the firmest supporters of the concept turned their attentions to other means of preventing war, notably international disarmament.
Roosevelt could do nothing but send messages urging restraint and negotiation, and this rendered the United States an irrelevancy in the unfolding crisis. American introversion was demonstrated in the attitude toward victims of the crisis: there was little inclination to make INTRODUCTION • liii exceptions to the immigration quotas to accommodate Jewish refugees from Nazi persecution. Although it resulted from a Roosevelt initiative, the 1938 Evian conference on refugees was a story of evasion of action by all concerned.
What bound them together was a fixed determination not to compromise. There were also more mild reservationists within Wilson’s party. If Wilson had been prepared to accommodate Lodge, the treaty may well have gained the necessary majority. However, he ordered Democrats to vote against the Lodge reservations, and in return, Republicans rejected the original treaty and the mild reservations. A majority of senators supported the treaty (and League) in some form. Thus, while blame for its failure has tended to be ascribed to the irreconcilables, who consistently voted against it, the treaty could have been approved had Wilson and Lodge been able to compromise.