By (auth.), Kostas Gavroglu (eds.)
The historical past of synthetic chilly has been a slightly interesting interdisciplinary topic (physics, chemistry, know-how, sociology, economics, anthropology, purchaser reviews) which regardless of a few first-class monographs and examine papers, has now not been systematically exploited. it's a topic with all types of clinical, technological in addition to cultural dimensions. for instance, the typical domestic fridge has led to unimaginably deep alterations to our daily lives altering greatly consuming behavior and purchasing mentalities. From the tip of the nineteenth century to the start of the twenty first, concerns on the topic of the creation and exploitation of synthetic chilly have by no means stopped to supply us with an extremely attention-grabbing set of phenomena, novel theoretical reasons, extraordinary percentages touching on technological functions and all encompassing cultural repercussions. the invention of the unforeseen and “bizarre” phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity, the need to include macroscopic quantum phenomena to the framework of quantum mechanics, the invention of Bose-Einstein condensation and hot temperature superconductivity, using superconducting magnets for top power particle accelerators, the development of recent desktop undefined, the vast functions of cryomedicine, and the multi billion of frozen meals, are the various extra dramatic circumstances within the background of man-made chilly.
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Safeguarded by your refrigerator: Mary Engle Pennington’s Struggle with the National Association of Ice Industries. In Rethinking home economics: Women and the history of a profession, ed. Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti, 253–270. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. S. 2012. James Dewar 1842–1923, a ruthless chemist. London: Ashgate. Thevenot, R. 1979. A history of refrigeration throughout the world. Trans. C. Fidler. Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration. Tisza, L. 1938. Transport phenomena in helium-II.
32 C. 27 Moreover his experimental practice on cold greatly depended on devising standard means of depicting degrees of cold. In this context Boyle had exercised a method in order to construct sealed thermoscopes with comparable indications while being conscious of the fact that his attempt to define a standard in a scale for cold was far from being conclusive (Boyle 1665a:240, 242). Boyle’s key difficulty lay in the definition of the temperature of the air at the moment the thermoscope was sealed.
As far as the cohesion of its parts is concerned, Boyle focused on measuring the strength and durability of ice as well as the nature of its cohesion. His experiments with weights that were set by a mechanical device on ice, measured the amount of weight a certain piece of ice would bear before breaking. Based on his measurements, he concluded on the strong cohesion of ice which he also thought depended on the degree of cold of the atmospheric air surrounding it. He also verified his laboratory observations through testimonies of travelers according to which in the season of frost, icebergs were stronger than his tests in the laboratory; while during the thawing season, their cohesion became very fragile.