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In other words, in the assimilationist perspective, an Asian Pacific American could never develop both “Asian” and “American” identities at the same time. Elements of both perspectives can be found in several theories on or studies of Asian Pacific American racial and/or ethnic identification. qxp 4/28/2006 Overview of Literature 2:00 PM Page 37 37 self-control, and filial piety (Matsuda, Matsumoto, & Meredith, 1979; Yamauchi, 1981). Another study indexed APA ethnic identity through a set of traits: language familiarity, friendship choice, knowledge of one’s ethnic group’s geography and history, and attitudes toward the members or customs of one’s own group (Suinn, Richard-Figueroa, Lew, & Vigil, 1985).
While Sue & Sue (1971) focused primarily on how Asian Americans form their identities in reaction to their ethnic cultural ties, Lee (1996) noted that Asian American identities can be formed just as significantly by social and political contexts as they can by cultural relationships. In fact, Lee noted that three of the four types of Asian American identities she isolated in her study were pan-ethnic, or encompassed students of more than one Asian ethnic background. The Asian-identified, New Wavers, and Asian American-identified students all associated in groups that were ethnically diverse, often because these students identified less by their ethnic heritage than they did by perceived common experiences—which, among the different groups, included: a) a need to perform up to the expectations of one’s parents; b) a disgust of the model minority stereotype; or c) a desire to fight racism and injustice.
These influences encompass aspects of the college environment, racial/ethnic identity, and personal ideologies concerning race. qxp 4/28/2006 2:00 PM Page 21 Chapter Two Overview of Literature The review of literature in this chapter is divided into three sections. The first section summarizes the state of research on Asian Pacific American college students’ attitudes toward racial issues. The second section discusses various factors in students’ lives that are theorized or have been found to influence their racial attitudes.