Industrial Heating March 2011 by Reed Miller

By Reed Miller

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The form of the L-probe is similar to the O2-probe – one-sided closed pipe (Fig. 4). The ceramic is also the same. The probe ceramic surface is covered with a microporous platinum layer inside and outside. These two platinum layers are the electrodes of the measuring cell. The outside platinum layer is protected with a highly porous ceramic layer. In order to enable the movement of oxygen ions through the ceramic, a nickel heating element heats the ceramic inside the L-probe. A rapid heating of the probe is possible because of the PTCcharacteristic.

Power and power factor in the referential process for inverter control (INV) Fig. 6. 18 27% both processes. The consumption of 325 kWh of active energy was accompanied by the absorption of 366 kVArh of passive energy for thyristors and only 212 kVArh for an inverter, which is 42% less. Data clearly indicates that an inverter energy-control system in a vacuum furnace improves furnace energy efficiency, reducing passive power consumption and the costs of electrical energy. New Technological Capabilities of HPGQ Furnaces Advanced process software solutions expand the scope of today’s HPGQ vacuum furnaces.

1] The most d important parameter aside i from temperature is the carf bon potential (C-potential). The C-potenb l tial of a furnace atmosphere is defined as the carbon content (expressed in weight percent) of unalloyed austenite that is in equilibrium with the corresponding atmosphere. 7% C. 7% C, whereas an austenite with lower C content would be carburized up to this value. It should also be mentioned that the C-potential of a certain atmosphere depends on temperature. In order to get a definite carburization depth in the parts, C-potential of the furnace atmosphere has to be measured and controlled during the heat-treatment process.

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