By Takuji Hara: No
During this new booklet, Hara, Kambayashi and Matsushima gather jointly a set of case stories of innovation in a variety of industries in glossy Japan, together with motor vehicle, electronics, semiconductor, part, chemical, pharmaceutical and repair industries. in contrast to different books during this region, this ebook makes a speciality of a broader variety of eastern industries from the put up international battle period to the trendy day and considers the relationships among the features of innovation and the good points of eastern society. those chapters exhibit Japan’s shift from being product-oriented and family to being enterprise system-oriented and international. in the meantime the method of innovation in Japan keeps to incorporate the tendency of disposing of uncertainty via intimate in-process interplay among diversified features, instead of via preset rule or contracts. This e-book is going a way in tough approved notions of eastern innovation, emphasising new and numerous developments and practises.
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Example text
It appears to be difficult to shape a unique path of drug development in Japan in terms of cure. However, it might be possible to pursue a different goal, for example, safety, convenience, or the quality of life. The unique paths in terms of these values could be more easily constructed because they are widely regarded as secondary values. People tend to be less particular about the choice of drugs with respect to these values. ” It might be possible to change the definition of “best” in a particular society.
From among the number of antibiotics that were 36 T. Hara developed in Japan, only a small number were sold worldwide. Most products were only prescribed in Japan. This implied that they had in fact few therapeutic advantages over the existing drugs. In addition, other medical needs became prominent. Since 1985, the top three causes of mortality in Japan were cancer, heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. Consequently, the focus of innovation in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry has shifted to these therapeutic areas.
At the end of 1960, only 13 companies continued to produce penicillin: Toyo Jyozou, Mitsubishi Chemical, Ban-yu, Dai-chi, Fujisawa, Meiji Seika, Sankyo, Taito, Shionogi, Takeda, Showa Yakuhin Kako, Kaken, and Kyorin. There is no doubt that the experience of penicillin production provided Japanese companies with intellectual resources 22 T. Hara that helped them in the production of antibiotics (Nihon Yakushi Gakkai 1995: 96–100). Licensing from foreign companies Apart from penicillin, some Japanese companies imported other antibiotics from American companies.