By Aage R. Møller
The ultimate authority on intraoperative neurophysiological tracking (IOM) presents in a brand new version a finished, updated reference on IOM suggestions and their anatomical and physiological foundation. Dr. M?ller bargains theoretical and useful information relating to electrophysiological recordings within the working room, the right way to interpret the consequences, and the way to give them to the healthcare professional. furthermore, the writer has extra new fabric at the tracking of the spinal motor method, of sensory structures, of peripheral nerves, and in cranium base surgical procedure. integrated are tools for directing the health professional in operations, comparable to microvascular decompression, implantation of electrodes for deep mind stimulation, fix of peripheral nerves and for placement of electrodes for auditory prostheses.
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Sample text
This might sound paradoxical, but, in fact, a negative electrical current flowing through the cross-section of a nerve fiber will cause the outside area of that nerve fiber to become more negative than the inside area and, thereby, the interior of the axon will become more positive (less negative) than its outer surface—thus, depolarization occurs. When a nerve is stimulated by placing two electrodes on the same nerve a small distance apart, the negative electrode (cathode) is the active stimulating electrode and the positive (anode) electrode might block propagation of nerve impulses (known as an anodal block) so that depolarization will only propagate in one direction, namely away from the negative electrode.
Evoked potentials from the inferior colliculus in man. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. ) (three-dimensional) orientation of these dipoles in relation to the placement of the recording electrodes. The distance from the recording electrodes to the structures in question naturally also plays a role, as does the electrical properties of the medium between the recording site and the active neural structures. The electrical resistance of the skull bone affects far-field potentials recorded from the brain from electrodes placed on the scalp.
Needle electrodes should be removed one at a time, first removing the adhesive tape that holds them in place and then pulling the needle out while gently pulling the wire in the opposite direction in which the needle was inserted. With some experience, this can be done in a short time, even in cases in which many electrodes are placed in the face or in other places on the body. Disposable needle electrodes should be disposed of in a safe way in order to minimize the possibility of anyone being stuck by electrode needles that have been inserted into a patient.