By François Recanati
François Recanati offers an unique security of ''contextualism'' in contribution to the present debate in regards to the top definition of semantics and pragmatics. Is ''What is said'' made up our minds through linguistic conventions, or is it a facet of ''speaker's meaning''? can we desire pragmatics to mend truth-conditions? what's ''literal meaning''? To what quantity is semantic composition an artistic procedure? How pervasive is context-sensitivity? Recanati bargains an educated survey of the spectrum of positions held by means of linguists and philosophers operating on the semantics/pragmatics interface.
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21 Thus, in the policeman example above, not only is the reference of ‘he’ determined by the s t e a l ( x ) – i s a r r e s t e d ( x ) schema, but (among other things) the causal interpretation of the relation between the two events mentioned – the fact that the referent was arrested because he had stolen – is also determined by the schema. 21 Think of an example like (6): (6) John hates the piano. Contrary to (4)–(5), this example cannot be described in terms of ‘coercion’. I mentioned earlier various contentions to the effect that only sounds can be heard and only processes finished.
In my framework, the process of metonymical transfer is ‘local’, not global, yet it is sensitive to the linguistic (and extralinguistic) context in which the expression which receives the metonymical interpretation occurs. In particular, it is sensitive to the meaning of the predicate expression; this is why it is triggered in (i) but not in (ii). For the literal proposition to be entertained, the literal semantic value of ‘(the) ham sandwich’ must undergo semantic composition with the semantic value of the predicate; but as soon as the semantic value of the predicate is accessed, the metonymical interpretation of the subject-term becomes more accessible than its literal interpretation, which is therefore prevented from going into the proposition expressed.
35). Since nothing hinges on this point, I will simplify matters in this and the next two sections by treating the description itself as a unit susceptible to both a literal and a derived interpretation. According to R. Bartsch (‘Structure of Word Meanings’, pp. 29–30), ‘there is not always a [literal interpretation] available to start with’. In some instances of metaphor ‘a sentence meaning as a whole cannot be constructed because of semantic incompatibility of parts of the sentence’. In any case, ‘it is not necessary to arrive at any literal meaning of the metaphorical sentence as a whole, but we arrive at the metaphorical meaning right away’.