By Dr. Ramaier Narayanaswamy, Professor Dr. Otto S. Wolfbeis (auth.)
Optical sensor know-how has reached a degree of technological adulthood that makes it a promising candidate for purposes to express sensing demanding situations together with these in environmental tracking, in strategy regulate (particularly in biotechnology), in medical assays have been inexpensive one-way sensing parts are wanted, and in different parts. Optical sensors can be utilized as fiber optic microsensors, as planar coatings in bioreactors, in microtiterplate structure, in disposable single-shot units, and as planar membranes that may be imaged utilizing delicate cameras. The spectral diversity extends from the UV to the infrared, and from absorption to emission to floor plasmon resonance. consequently, quite a few schemes are feasible, and this quantity provides a cutting-edge description of the kingdom of the art.
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The method of ion pairing can substantially improve the solubility of charged indicator dyes. In essence, the inorganic counter ion of a dye (which limits its solubility in hydrophobic polymers) is replaced by an organic counter ion [165, 177]. The ion pair may even consist of a dye cation and a dye anion, thereby also enabling resonance energy transfer [ 136, 178-179] and thus the possibility of converting intensity-based sensors into decay time-based sensors [180, 181]. 26 Otto S. Woltbeis Photobleaching of indicator dyes has always been a nuisance in optical sensor technology, but tertiary amines such as diaza-bicyclooctane (DABCO) can greatly reduce this [182].
Several gases and ions, but also seawater salinity have been sensed with superb precision and sensor stability. Table 4 summarizes the methods often used for referencing optical signals, and their respective merits. 10 Optical Sensing Schemes All early tests were read visually. Often the color was (and is) compared with a color chart. Results can be surprisingly precise, occasionally better than ± l 0%. Instrumental quantitation of test strips, dry reagent chemistries, or sensor strips is frequently performed by reflectometry, less so by fluorescence, and hardly by absorption, simply because all commercial supports are nontransparent.
In 1988, Smardzewski [ 134] introduced a multi-element optical waveguide sensor as a general format for multi-analyte sensing, and also recognized the potential of applying pattern recognition methods. Gehrich et al. reported triple sensors for blood gases [ 115], and Walt's group reported on fiber arrays for genomic screening [135]. The problem of the diversity of optical schemes and analytical wavelengths has limited the applicability of chemical sensors in arrays where only a single type of light source is normally available.