By Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti
This short discusses the formation of recent “green chemistry” as a contribution to sustainability and the historical paths that result in the main options of this self-discipline. inside this highbrow framework, the e-book tackles the 12 rules of eco-friendly chemistry and the 12 ideas of eco-friendly chemical engineering in addition to similar monetary and administration concerns; those proof are explored and reformulated in a concentrated set of paradigms. the most suitable choice of a version for quantitative evaluation (sufficiently particular to account for the various parameters concerned yet no longer excessively certain to inhibit useful use) is mentioned and examples of useful purposes are presented.
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Example text
Sulfonylation. The synthesis of diarylsulfones (33, 11 mmol scale) was carried out in the presence of different Lewis acid catalysts under microwave activation. The most effective catalyst in terms of yield was iron(III) chloride, with a yield of 89 %. Moving from oil bath heating to microwave resulted in one order magnitude reduction of the CO2 produced during the process (8 vs. 23). 3 43 Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation Solid acid catalysts are playing a growing role in the field of organic synthesis and the strong points are the reduction of waste and the increased yield.
An analogous rhodium based catalyst has been exploited in the hydroformylation of alkenes in supercritical carbon dioxide. When using PEt3 as ligand, the process showed efficiencies analogous to those observed when using toluene as solvent, with a up to 97 % selectivity [80, 81]. The use of imidazolium based ionic liquids as immobilizing phase has been also successfully implemented [82]. 3 Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation 53 Further, Webb et al. reported an interesting process for the hydroformylation of relatively low volatility alkenes in a continuous flow system.
14: 547–564. Cl2, H2O 2. Ca(OH)2 E-factor = 3 O O2 Ag/SiO2 1 E-factor = 0 Various oxidation catalysts have been reported [21]. The introduction of Si4+ ions with Ti4+ in silicalite-1 (TS-1) was early described by Taramasso et al. [22]. The remarkable properties of TS-1 as a catalyst in oxidation processes with hydrogen peroxide aqueous solutions have found a variety of applications in the industry. Enichem has developed a large scale propylene oxide (2, PO) manufacture with this catalyst. 3) [23].