Placental Vascularization and Blood Flow: Basic Research and by Prof. Dr. R. Schuhmann, F. Stoz, M. Maier (auth.), Peter

By Prof. Dr. R. Schuhmann, F. Stoz, M. Maier (auth.), Peter Kaufmann, Richard K. Miller (eds.)

The optimum functionality of the placenta and hence fetal health principally depends on the integrity of either the fetal and maternal circulations of the placenta. extreme simple examine considering placental vascularization and blood movement has been played for the earlier 30 years, starting with the classical morphological descriptions of the placental vessels by way of Boe (1953) and humanities (1961), in addition to with the radioangiographic reviews of maternal placental movement within the human via Borell (1958) and within the rhesus monkey by means of Ramsey (1962). The clinical framework offered via those investigators has been crammed and accomplished via a variety of investigators, resulting in extra morphological information, practical concerns, and pathological figuring out. For a longer time period, this examine has been of basically educational curiosity by way of expanding our insights into one vital procedure of the placenta, but having approximately no sensible significance. lately, this example has replaced dramatically: in vitro stories of the remoted, dually perfused human placenta and in vivo stories of placental stream for diagnostic reasons have raised a huge curiosity in uncomplicated learn info. New tools like Doppler Ultrasound and NMR turned on hand. those technics have enabled the obstetrician to review fetal and placental hemodynamics in vivo. in the meantime, such tools have gotten integrated into the day-by-day obstetrical regimen, to a point with no an enough history wisdom of placental vascularization and blood stream, due to the fact such event is at the moment to be had to just a small staff of experts.

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As will be discussed in the Appendix, one can anticipate a percolation with high volumetric flow rate, but low local velocities. Such motion, in turn, requires low shear stresses (and energy dissipation). ) at low viscous energy expenditure. There are, however, serious potential disadvantages of random connectivity. These can be related to its proneness to become clogged by soft materials such as sludges or thixotropic blood elements (see Appendix and Schmid-Schonbein, 1988 for a detailed definition of this term).

And Mitelman, F. (1984) First trimester diagnosis on chorionic villi obtained by direct vision technique. Hum. Genet. 65, 373-376. Gustavii, B. (1983) First trimester chromosomal analysis of chorionic villi obtained by direct vision technique. Lancet 2, 507. Hustin, J. P. Echographic and anatomic studies of the maternotrophoblastic border during the first trimester of pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. , in press. Leroy, B. -P. (1985) Echographie endovaginale 9th Congress SFAUMB, Grenoble. J. (1983) Dynamic mammalian cardiogenesis investigated by high resolution ultrasound in guinea pigs.

As a first approximation, one can reduce the individual cotyledon to a fluid filled, covered trough, drained from an individual point source (single well flow) into multiple sinks (Figure 5), which the villous tree is submerged and acts similar to a diffusor. This is a flow situation dominated by strictly laminar flow and purely viscous energy dissipation (Moll and Freese, 1972). The so-called jet injection of arterial blood from the mouth of the spiral arteries into the center of the cotyledon (Borrell-jets as evidenced from studies of intra-arterially injected radio contrast media) most likely represents a strictly local and short lived exception to the rule of creeping flow in the placenta.

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