By Hsiao-Hung Pai
Every year, 2 hundred million staff from China's mammoth rural inside trip among towns and provinces looking for employment: the biggest human migration in historical past. This critical military of labour money owed for 1/2 China's GDP, yet is an unorganized workforce''scattered sand,' in chinese language parlance'and the main marginalized and impoverished team of workers within the country.For years, the award-winning journalist Hsiao-Hung Pai travelled throughout China, traveling labourers on Olympic building websites, within the coal mines and brick kilns of the Yellow River quarter, and on the factories of the Pearl River Delta. She witnessed the end result of the 2009 riots within the Muslim province of Xinjiang; observed cities in rubble greater than a 12 months after the enormous earthquake in Sichuan; and used to be reunited with long-lost family members, estranged for the reason that her mother's kinfolk fled for Taiwan throughout the Civil battle. Scattered Sand is the results of her travels: a finely wrought portrait of these left in the back of by way of China's dramatic social and fiscal advances.
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While Old Text commentaries pictured Confucius as a teacher whose greatness resided in his revival of ancient traditions, the Gongyang treated Confucius as the “uncrowned king” whose greatness lay in founding new institutions. The Gongyang Confucius was a charismatic, even mystical leader. The political point was that in orthodox Confucianism Confucius himself was safely dead: gentry might claim to be masters of sacred texts but they were bound to the status quo. But in New Text thinking Confucius became a living, disturbing presence: though never a king or even a prime minister, he had understood how to preserve Chinese culture in a time of turmoil, laid the foundation of the unitary empire, and even foreseen the future.
After the great Taiping Rebellion of the 1860s, the Qing began to include modern specializations like mathematics in some of the exams. Examiners began to ask about the history of Western institutions and politics. The purely classical education was being nudged in new directions. Moreover, the schools, arsenals, and shipyards created by the self-strengthening movement had produced new career paths like military technicians and Western experts. They lacked the prestige of the regular civil service, but the two groups were not isolated from one another.
His goal was to eliminate the differences between people, or to abolish institutions that supported the individual ego. It was ultimately the nature of the cosmos, according to Kang’s metaphysics, that everything shares the same primal energy. He denied that gender, racial, and cultural differences in the end possessed any significance. Yet, at the same time, Kang accepted the racial analysis of the day, treating the “brown” and “black” races as genetically inferior to the “yellow” and “white” – in contrast to his unambiguous condemnation of discriminatory treatment of women.