By National Research Council (U.S.). Steering Group for the Workshop on Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms.; National Research Council (U.S.). Space Studies Board
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O. I. C. Venter. 1995. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270: 397-403. , I. Kuronen, K. Åkerman, A. Pelttari, and N. Çiftçioglu. 1997. Nanobacteria from blood, the smallest culturable autonomously replicating agent on Earth. Proceedings of SPIE 3111: 420-428. K. L. Thomas-Keprta, H. S. J. F. R. N. Zare. 1996. Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 273: 924-930. J. 1992. Beginnings of Cellular Life, New Haven: Yale University Press.
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The creation of a hole or a free edge in a membrane requires an input of energy that is proportional to the length of the edge boundary. Except for very small membrane segments, it is energetically more favorable for a membrane with a free boundary to close up into a spherical shape, eliminating the boundary. The estimated minimum sphere radius arising from this argument is about 20 nm. • There is a minimum stress that a membrane can tolerate before it ruptures on conventional time scales. Because the (surface) stress on a spherical shell is proportional to its radius, a small cell can tolerate higher internal pressures than can a large cell for a given membrane composition.