By Jeltsch R., et al. (eds.)
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5-hr discharge rate. 1 3 Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 150 150 155 244 (376) c 300 Energy Density (Wh/L) 252(341) ~ 400 Specific Power (W&g) 490 440 Energ~¢ Efficiency (%) 85 97 96 1000 570 (800) ~ 580 (750) c Cycle life (cycles) a. LiNi~_yCo~MnyOz;b. Cr-doped LiMn204;c. numbers in parentheses refer to single cells decays. The charge is terminated when the current reaches values of C/10-C/30. A correct charge is done under control, and the end of charge is signaled by both the current value and the total time: a too long charge reveals some problems and is automatically stopped.
From Ref 49) Cell Type Specific Energy Specific Power at 80% Li-AI/FeS2 Li-A1/FeS OVh/kg) 180 at 30 W/kg 130 at 25 W/kg DOD (W/kg) 400 240 Nonaqueous Batteries Used in Industrial Applicatior~ 41 features of this system are: good cyclability (in excess of 1000 cycles), tolerance to overcharge and overdischarge and to freeze-thaw cycles. Sealed modules with a nominal voltage of 25 V and a capacity of 60 Ah have been fabricated from prismatic bipolar cells [49]. They have a specific energy of 75 Wh/kg and an energy density of over 200 Wh/L, and can be cycled for many hundreds of deep discharge cycles.
Pistoia • Need of a protection circuit to avoid overcharge, overdischarge and excessive temperature rise • Degradation at high temperature and capacity fade • Moderate power However, it is to be stressed that some of the above drawbacks are being progressively reduced: the cost is steadily decreasing, some Li-ion batteries (especially the polymeric ones) can work with simplified protection elements, the capacity fade is being reduced, and the power output has been greatly improved in some models thanks to proper battery engineering.