By Takafusa Nakamura (auth.), Prof. Dr. Herbert Hax, em. Prof. Dr. Willy Kraus, Prof. Kiyoshi Tsuchiya (eds.)
The hugely constructed commercial nations at the present time need to face the problem of sped up structural swap. the issues bobbing up from this strategy are tackled in very other ways. within the public dialogue the several ways of Japan at the one part and of Western eu international locations at the different have got examine capable recognition. Structural swap in its fiscal, social and political facets has been the topic of the eighth German-Japanese Seminar on Economics and Social Sciences, held at Cologne from the twenty fourth to the twenty seventh of September, 1984. The culture of German-Japanese Seminars on Economics and Social Sciences is going again to 1966, while the 1st assembly used to be held at Tokyo. one of the first contributors have been Dr. Hiromi Arizawa, Dr. Kazuo Okochi, either professors on the collage of Tokyo, and Dr. Karl Hax, professor at Frankfurt collage. the target of all seminars, which were held on account that, has been the research of eco nomic and social difficulties of quick curiosity in either nations. The documents of former seminars, that have been released in part in eastern, partially in German throw gentle upon the shift of empha sis towards new difficulties which came about in the course of aperiod of 18 years.
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Extra resources for Structural Change: The Challenge to Industrial Societies
Example text
Some, on the other hand, expressed the bearish view that the price of 29 dollars was not low enough and that it would be cut further to the level which prevailed of 24 to 25 dollars just after the 2nd oil crisis, even though the production level would not change much. Looking at the one and a half years which have passed since then, some changes did occur, but the official price and production level agreed upon in March, 1983 have generally been maintained, and we see no reason for a sudden change in course.
26 Christian Watrin ket of the respective country has been sheltered against competition from abroad. Even if a country pursuing an aggressive foreign trade policy were to attain a worldwide monopoly in a particular market, it could by no means be assured of keeping that position. A high price prevailing in a monopolistic market would imply high premia for the development of substitutes. Recent experience as to the substitution of crude oil has proven this point. The past has shown that even those monopolies which initially appeared to be very secure were finally overcome by substitutes20• However, the purpose here is not to advocate indifference with regard to the frequent and numerous violations of the world trade order.
An increase in the degree of protectionism can only have a short-term employment effect. In the long run, however, such measures arising from a "bilateral" approach lead to countervailing duties or measures, to mutual introductions of more and more trade barriers, and finally to a loss of wealth for all parties concerned. Apart from these dangers, increased protectionism would constitute as inappropriate a way to reduce unemployment24 as the shortening of the weekly working hours (with unchanged weekly wages), in which some European countries, including Germany, are now engaging.