The target of this document is to evaluate how most sensible to advance carbon pricing rules that in achieving a transition to a low carbon financial system with out compromising the facility of nationwide industries to compete internationally.
The overview relies on a survey of the present coverage atmosphere, new study quantifying the affects of weather swap regulations on member businesses, a sequence of interviews with participants and an review of rules according to ICMM's ideas for weather swap coverage design.
The geographic areas analyzed comprise the ecu Union (EU), South Africa, Australia, Canada and the U.S., in addition to sub-national jurisdictions in the US and Canada, particularly California, Quebec and British Columbia. those are areas the place ICMM member businesses have a significantproduction presence and the place there are weather regulations presently in position or less than development.
Four commodities are incorporated within the research: iron ore, copper, aluminium and coal. those commodities surround more than a few generally produced and used outputs and numerous extraction and creation thoughts in a couple of destinations globally
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Additional resources for The cost of carbon pricing: competitiveness implications for the mining and metals industry
Example text
There are two main methods to produce aluminium. Primary production produces aluminium from virgin materials. Secondary production works by recycling scrap aluminium and is out of the scope of this report. Primary production of aluminium consists of three stages: first, the mining and refining of bauxite to produce alumina; second, the reduction of alumina into aluminium metal in a smelting process; and finally, casting of aluminium metal into the primary product. The reduction stage is an electricity-intensive process.
In addition, the impacts become increasingly divergent between regions (given all other factors such as system coverage and grid mix remain the same). Emissions from the electricity supply sector largely drive this effect. For example, although 2013 prices are highest in British Columbia, the impact of higher prices is lower than for other regions. This is because electricity used by British Columbia aluminium producers is powered by a decarbonized grid and they will avoid the additional costs of fossil fuel-based electricity.
Accordingly, producers have little influence over price and are generally unable to pass through any cost increases beyond those applying to the global market. As such, mining iron ore tends to be a low-margin business, with revenue generated through high volume of production. The emissions from iron ore mining arise from the operation of mines, the production of steel and transportation. Although the emissions intensity of iron ore production is low compared to many other commodities, values can vary significantly according to various site- and region-specific factors.