By Walter Stalker Greaves
Mammalian cranium constitution is significantly assorted; notwithstanding at a uncomplicated point the jaw mechanism is remarkably related, if now not basically a similar, within the majority of mammals. utilizing basic versions which are in comparison with genuine animals at each step, this publication examines the fundamental structural gains of the mammalian jaw mechanism from a mechanical standpoint. It explores how the mechanical constraints put on the jaw have contributed to the evolution of a good easy constitution, utilized by many mammals, which precludes mechanical problems and makes use of a minimal quantity of bone tissue. during the e-book the emphasis is on conceptual realizing, with factors associated jointly to shape an entire tale that may be utilized to either fossil and extant mammals. Summarising over 40 years of analysis from one of many major pioneers in 3D jaw mechanics, it is a must-have for somebody attracted to mammalian jaw morphology.
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Example text
The upward muscle force of one unit produces a bite force of three units. Given an equilibrium condition, an upward joint force of two units is required in order to balance the upward and downward forces. In a lever like this, the tensile force at the jaw joint is equal to the bite force minus the muscle force. The joint forces associated with bite points directly behind the muscle force are modest, but they become increasingly high for bite points just a short distance back toward the joint. As the bite force gets higher and higher, the joint force does lag behind, but only by an amount equal to the muscle force (one unit).
As magnitude increases, length decreases and vice versa; both cannot be maximized at the same time. Neither high bite forces along a tooth row that is too short nor a long tooth row with forces that are too low seems optimal. Moreover, the inverse relationship between length and magnitude implies a location for the muscle force that represents the best numerical compromise between these two variables. Another difference between a long and a short tooth row is the number of potential points along the row where a bite force can be applied.
5). The unavoidable disadvantage of this arrangement is that it eliminates some very large bite forces because the multiplying effect of the jaw lever system is not utilized. High bite forces at some of the posterior teeth might well be advantageous, but the cost of these higher forces is the high tensile forces in the joint ligaments. This is a cost that is most probably too high. Again, the best evidence that teeth are in front of, rather than behind, the muscle force is the observation that generally there are no anatomical structures capable of resisting very large tensile forces at the jaw joint.