By Michael Tanzer
Booklet by way of Tanzer, Michael
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Example text
In the eighteenth century, ores were exploited for the purposes of 10–12 smelt mills and 5 blast furnaces heated with charcoal (Piernikarczyk 1933/1934). A blast furnace produced less than 100 tonnes of iron per year, and the use of iron from the ore was 60–70 %. For smelt mills, these figures were 32 tonnes and 25–40 %, respectively (Radwan 1963). Limonite ore deposits in the vicinity of Bytom, Tarnowskie Góry, and Piekary Śląskie, accompanying ores of lead and silver in the ore-bearing dolomites, and ores occurring on the surface of Triassic limestones, among karst sediment, were of main importance (Żeglicki 1996).
Magazine, Univ. Of Nottingham 37:59–67 Whittaker BN, Reddish DJ (1989) Subsidence. Occurrence, prediction and control. Dev Geotech Eng 56. Elsevier, Amsterdam Wigham D (2000) Occurence of mining-induced open fissures and shear walls in the Permian limestones of county Durham. Mining Technology, IMM Transactions section A 109(3): 172−178 Wilk Z (ed) (2003) Hydrogeologia polskich złóż kopalin i problemy wodne górnictwa. Uczel Wyd Nauk Dydakt, Kraków Wilkinson BH, McElroy BJ (2007) The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation.
1). After World War II, for many years, coal constituted the foundation of the Polish energy sector and steel industry and played an important role in the balance of trade. Initially, the exploitation was concentrated in the central part of then the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR). In 1947, a total of 66 mines were active, most of which were small, with the extraction not exceeding 1 million tonnes (Tkocz 1987). g. g. Jastrzębie, Pniówek) in bedrock with particularly difficult geological and mining conditions—highly disturbed seams and one of the highest coalbed methane hazards in Europe (Górnictwo 1988).