By Alfred Michael Hirt
The keep an eye on over marble and steel assets used to be of significant significance to the Roman Empire. The emperor's freedmen and slaves, officials and infantrymen of the Roman military, equestrian officers, in addition to convicts and loose labour have been seconded to mines and quarries all through Rome's enormous realm. Alfred Hirt's finished learn defines the organizational outlines and the inner buildings of the mining and quarrying ventures lower than imperial regulate. the subjects addressed comprise: demanding situations confronted by way of these answerable for those extractive operations; the main figures, their subaltern body of workers and their respective tasks; the function of the Roman military; using civilian companions in quarrying or mining ventures; and the location of the quarrying or mining enterprises in the framework of the imperial management.
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11 Geological and Organizational Implications 17 Figure 6. Mons Porphyrites, overall map (after Maxfield & Peacock 2001a: fig. 2) constraints, however, complicated the pursuit of extractive procedures. The porphyry outcrops were not close to the Wadi floor: the stone had to be quarried some 500 m up the hillside and transported down on long slipways. The adverse topography determined the settlement pattern. 15 15 Klemm & Klemm 1992: 82, Abb. ; Maxfield & Peacock 2001a: 2. 18 Geological and Organizational Implications Figure 7.
The overburden, however, can still be removed by hushing, and the geology in some cases allowed opencast mining at the surface. At Bran˜a de Folgueirosa, for example, the loosened topsoil was washed away by hushing, exposing the outcrop of an auriferous vein. 72 In the case of the imperial gold mines at Treˆsminas, water technology appears to have been put to use in a different manner. A find of anvil or mortar stones suggests that water-powered ore crushing machines were used to accelerate the crushing of the extracted ore to smaller stones, which then could be milled.
24 km2 in the marmoriferous zone south-east of Iscehisar. 54 The Bacakale quarries may have been even larger than the size estimated by Joseph Ro¨der, as 49 50 51 52 53 54 Ro¨der 1993: 21. Rakob 1997: 4. Ro¨der 1993: 50–2; Mackensen 2005: 15 f. Winckler 1895: 38–47; Salama 1951: 61. On the road, cf. Ro¨der 1993: 51; Hirt 2003: 118 f. , Abb. 10, 11; Fant 1989a: 4 f. Ro¨der 1971: 259. 28 Geological and Organizational Implications Figure 10. Dokimeion/Bacakale, overall map (after Ro¨der 1971: Abb.