By Bernd Gausemeier
The essays during this assortment research how human heredity used to be understood among the top of the 1st international conflict and the early Seventies. The participants discover the interplay of technological know-how, medication and society in choosing how heredity was once considered internationally through the politically turbulent years of the 20 th century.
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By the mid-1930s it became obvious that the twin project would not generate the results Diehl and Verschuer had hoped for. 47 However, they were not willing to wait until this eugenic vision of perfect surveillance could be realized. Diehl drew his own conclusions from the intricacies of human statistics: he resorted to animal experimentation. After several years of work, he succeeded in breeding rabbits showing different forms of susceptibility. 48 Ironically, the project of Diehl and Verschuer ended up where bacteriological TB research had started: with a simulation of pathogenic development that allowed them to pass over the imponderabilities of data about humans.
The first returns, however, were poor because many of the detected twins refused to be examined. 40 The observations were not just restricted to pairs affected by TB but also comprised some healthy pairs living in a TB-prone environment. The relatively small size of the sample was compensated for by detailed clinical observations. In most cases there were lung radiographs as well as comprehensive medical records for both twins. Accordingly, Diehl and Verschuer were able to compare various aspects of pathological development: the time of outbreak, the organs affected, the exact localization of infections (especially in the lung), and, in case of identical manifestation, the intensity of the local infection.
Upon retirement, Merriam was succeeded by Vannevar Bush in January 1939. Though Laughlin immediately apprised Bush of his plans for a clinic, Bush deferred the 32 Human Heredity in the Twentieth Century matter until he became more familiar with overall Carnegie-funded operations. Like other US medical science institutions that endorsed eugenics, the Carnegie Institution began to distance itself from this connection. Most strikingly, the ERO was closed in December 1939 upon the Carnegie Institution’s withdrawal of further financial support.