By Lawrence A. Hamilton
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The argument ends with a discussion of legitimacy and paternalism in the light of my proposal for the state of needs. The political philosophy of needs advanced in this book includes a number of safeguards against paternalist politics and one of its goals is to generate strict anti-paternalism with regard to needs. 26 In contrast to both Hegel and Marx’s positions, the state of needs in my proposal is not understood teleologically either as the apotheosis of a society’s Sittlichkeit or as that thing which necessarily needs to be overcome to reach real communism; in other words, it does not require the kind of metaphysics that underpin these kinds of ‘leap[s] to the kingdom of 24 25 26 States in practice are also simply structures of domination.
Thus by definition I cannot provide a full and positive definition for full human functioning. But since, for reasons discussed below, these other constitutive elements are enabled by met agency needs, I can elaborate on some of the conditions for full human functioning. (1) Individuals must be able to meet their vital needs, or have their vital needs met, to provide for minimal functioning without undue worry and exhaustion. 20 (3) Individuals must be provided with the opportunities to fill the four main social roles, should they wish, as these give them a kind of parity (and depth) of perspective from which to evaluate the social roles themselves and the development of their agency needs.
4) Individuals must also be given parity of opportunity to meet their particular agency needs. Two central claims of mine follow from the fact that agency needs are often felt in the form of particular social needs and constitute one of the necessary elements of full human functioning; claims, I argue, that are best defended using my categorisation of need. First, particular needs that can otherwise seem unconnected due to historical separation, differing cultural interpretation or intentional and unintentional disfigurement, are often interconnected attempts to meet the same general ethical and political objectives, or agency needs.