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Electrode widths, w, and interelectrode gaps, g, can vary considerably. com 51 3. Moving biomolecules using electric fields Micro- and Nano-Transport of Biomolecules generating fields of 106 V/m using low signal amplitudes of 10’s of volts. This is sufficient to create DEP forces for technological application. The four main steps involved with standard photolithographic fabrication of the gold electrode array are described and illustrated in Fig. 3-12: resist (polymer) exposure, resist development, metal evaporation and lift-off.
As the peak approaches infinity, it becomes infinitesimally narrow. Elsewhere, t z t0 the function is zero. The mathematics dealing with delta functions is not trivial. 23) where the diffusion process is assumed to start at t1 0 and D is the Einstein diffusion coefficient. com 62 4. Basic micro- and nano-transport Micro- and Nano-Transport of Biomolecules The relationship x(t )2 ! 2 Dt or writing x(t )2 ! 24) and has important implications for transport processes where diffusion is dominant (diffusion limited).
The conditions for positive and negative DEP also apply to non-spherical geometry (Jones, 1995). & The transition from positive to negative DEP occurs when FDEP 0 and means that the direction of a DEP driven transport process can be reversed. 8) to be zero. In practice the parameters controlled in DEP experiments are Z, Vm, and sometimes Hm. The other parameters remain constant. 13) (H m H p )(H p 2H m ) The conductivity of the particle (bioparticle) Vp, of radius r, consists of the bulk conductivity Vb of the polystyrene and from ion movement shunted around, tangential, to the surface of the particle (O’Konski, 1960) with surface conductance, Ks (S).