By Robert J.W. Evans, Peter H. Wilson
Within the early sleek interval the Holy Roman Empire, or Reich, was once one of many oldest and biggest ecu states. Its significance used to be magnified via its place on the center of the continent, through the huge overseas connections of its best households, and by means of the involvement of international rulers in its governance. This e-book breaks new floor in its collective exploration of elements of cross-border and transnational interplay, and of political and diplomatic, social and cultural family. There are essays on very important turning-points, in particular 1648 and 1806; at the styles of rulership of the emperors themselves; on components which lay at the margin of the Reich; on neighbouring international locations which interacted with the Empire; and on visible and fabric culture.
Contributors are Wolfgang Burgdorf, Olivier Chaline, Heinz Duchhardt, Jeroen Duindam, Robert Evans, Sven Externbrink, Robert Frost, Lothar Höbelt, Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Petr Mat'a, Nicolette Mout, Thomas Munck, Géza Pálffy, Jaroslav Pánek, Adam Perłakowski, Friedrich Polleroß, Blythe Alice Raviola. Peter Schröder, Kim Siebenhüner, Peter H. Wilson and Thomas Winkelbauer.
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It once and for all defined the future status of the prince bishoprics by pragmatically substituting an updated ‘Normaljahr’ for any solution based on legal interpretations; it finally accepted Calvinists as a sub-species of Lutherans; and it stipulated a system of concurrent majorities in all confessional disputes, thus preventing the Protestant minority of princes and electors from being outvoted at the diet in matters of religion. All three provisions, incidentally, were solutions that symbolized a very un-Germanic triumph of expediency over principle.
42 True, those peace feelers were not on a level with the imperial–Swedish negotiations of the 1640s; but the important thing is they were not even allowed to proceed because Richelieu felt compelled to reject any separate peace out of hand. In fact, the Dutch, who did not want either France or Sweden to win too resoundingly, were the only ones, behind their river barrier and emboldened by their global network, who contemplated the prospect of diplomatic isolation with apparent equanimity, once the separation of Portugal from Spain had made it pointless for them to continue with a war that had become a three-cornered contest.
Jahrhundert, ed. O. Asbach et al. (Berlin, 2001), 123–43. Very useful is also J. ), A Union for Empire. Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995), 3–36. 3 See H. , ed. V. Press (Munich, 1995), 179–87, esp. 179. 4 The first appear to be G. de Molinari, L’abbé de Saint-Pierre. Membre exclu de l’Académie française. Sa vie et ses œuvres (Paris, 1857), and E. Goumy, É tude sur la vie et les écrits de l’Abbé de Saint-Pierre (Paris, 1859). Cf. also J. H. Post, La société des nations de l’Abbé de SaintPierre (Amsterdam, 1932).