Making reliable distributed systems (using Erlang) [PhD by Armstrong J.

By Armstrong J.

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Oden the only way to get the program to work is to force several independent activities to be controlled by the same language thread or process. This leads to a inevitable loss of clarity, and makes the programs subject to complex and irreproducible interference errors. In performing our analysis of the problem we must choose an appropriate granularity for our model. For example, if we were writing an instant messaging system, we might choose to use one process per user and not one process for every atom in the user’s body.

The fundamental problem which must be solved in writing such sodware is that of limiting the consequences of an error— the process abstraction provides an abstraction boundary which stops the propagation of errors. It is, for example, precisely this inability to limit the consequences of errors that makes Java unsuitable for programming “safe” (sic) applications (see page 32 for further discussion of this point). If processes are truly isolated (which they must be to limit the consequences of an error) then most of the other properties of a process, like, for example, that the only way for processes to interact is by message passing, etc, follow as a natural consequence of this isolation.

All free variables occurring in the patterns in the head of the clause have values that were obtained as a result of matching the pattern in the clause head with the actual arguments provided in the call. As an example we evaluate the expression member(dog,[cat,man,dog,ape]) showing all steps taken. We assume the following definition of member: member(H, [H1|_]) when H == H1 -> true; member(H, [_|T] -> member(H, T); member(H, []) -> false. 1. Evaluate member(dog, [cat,man,dog,ape]) 2. The first clause matches with bindings {H → dog, H1 → cat}.

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